Start with these research questions
How to read the evidence
Delivery, expression, editing, and efficacy are different endpoints. Clearly distinguish cellular, animal, and human evidence.
Sources, selection, and corrections →Explore in vivo CAR-T, nonviral editing delivery, cell targeting, and relevant measurement methods.
Delivery, expression, editing, and efficacy are different endpoints. Clearly distinguish cellular, animal, and human evidence.
Sources, selection, and corrections →67 public entity records, including 53 disclosed in vivo CAR-T developers or acquired platforms, plus 4 enabling partners, 5 adjacent platforms, 1 historical platform, and 4 other editing companies.
Entity counts are not independent program counts or a claim of 53 independently operating biotechs. Shared lineages and partnerships, including GRIT/Vivacta and Orna/Simnova, are identified. ReNAgade and Myeloid are not counted again.
Broad English and Chinese discovery searches followed by company pipelines, company-issued announcements, regulatory filings, and original research/meeting abstracts. Company claims are attributed; no inference of efficacy from registration, IND clearance, orphan status, or ex vivo programs. Publicly disclosed companies only; not a guarantee of exhaustive worldwide coverage.
Juventas / 合源生物 · Secondary landscape mentions in vivo assets; current primary pipeline could not be retrieved. Do not infer in vivo stage from CNCT19.
Vector BioPharma · Historical landscape listing; the former domain currently redirects to a domain-sale page. Current program status is unresolved.
Abintus Bio · Historical CAR-X disclosures found; current ownership and operating status require primary confirmation. Not presented as an independently active developer.
CARUS Bio / MDimune · Primary development page emphasizes macrophage CAR-M despite a CAR-T heading. T-cell-specific program not established.
Ingenium Therapeutics · Yale collaboration describes in vivo CAR-NK, not CAR-T.
Thunder Biotech · Discovered materials describe macrophage CAR-M; current primary CAR-T evidence not established.
Unicar-Therapy / 优卡迪 · Current primary in vivo program not verified. Conventional ssCART19/U01 clinical work must not be relabeled in vivo.
Vittoria; Cimeio; Entos; Strm.bio; ImmunoBio · No sufficiently specific current primary CAR-T program verified in this search. Generic delivery or ex vivo activity is insufficient.
Carisma Therapeutics · CAR-macrophage activity is not CAR-T; not added as a CAR-T developer.
Cytiva / Danaher; Nitto Denko · Enabling technology/manufacturing organizations, not additional independent biotech drug developers. Nitto partnership is documented under Hemogenyx.
ReNAgade; Myeloid; Ixaka · Former names or acquired asset lineages are not counted again as independent current companies. Orna and CREATE aliases retained; Ixaka current asset provenance not independently confirmed.
Verified against public sources, selective and unranked. Drug developers and service providers are labeled separately. Unverified financing, founding dates, and current pipeline stages are not inferred.
Intellia presents CRISPR gene-editing science, clinical programs, and scientific publications on its official website. Its gene-editing work belongs in this broader in vivo engineering field; it should not be labeled as equivalent to in vivo CAR-T.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Beam develops investigational precision genetic medicines using base editing. Its website describes a delivery strategy spanning electroporation and nonviral and viral approaches. Those routes include different applications; the platform label alone does not establish in vivo efficacy.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →AbbVie completed its Capstan acquisition in August 2025. CPTX2309 uses targeted LNP in vivo CAR-T technology; the sponsor lists NCT06917742 as a recruiting Phase 1 study in healthy volunteers, rheumatoid arthritis, and SLE. Registration does not establish efficacy.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Tessera develops Gene Writing and RNA delivery technologies for genomic changes and targeted in vivo applications. Its November 2026 ASH announcement concerns preclinical studies, including CAR-T generation in nonhuman primates.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Tune develops TEMPO epigenetic regulation to activate or silence gene expression without cutting or changing the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modulation should be distinguished from sequence editing and permanent DNA insertion.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Sana develops CD8-targeted fusosome in vivo CAR-T, including SG293 and BCMA-directed SG227. Its August 2026 update describes SG293 clinical-start preparations and surrogate nonhuman-primate data, with SG227 clinical entry projected as early as 2027. Human dosing was not verified in this review.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Precision BioSciences develops ARCUS-based in vivo editing for gene elimination, excision, and insertion. Delivery and evidence differ by program; the company describes AAV delivery for its DMD gene-excision approach.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →VivoVec uses engineered lentiviral vectors for in vivo CAR-T. The disclosed pipeline includes CD22 UB-VV400/410 and BCMA×GPRC5D UB-VV500. IASO retains Greater China rights to the partnered CD22 programs; UB-VV111 is partnered with AbbVie. Trial registration and IND clearance do not establish efficacy.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →AstraZeneca completed its acquisition in May 2025. ENaBL is a targeted lentiviral platform; anti-BCMA ESO-T01 has a published Phase 1 study in multiple myeloma. The small, uncontrolled study provides preliminary evidence, not established benefit.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →KLN-1010 is a BCMA-directed in vivo CAR-T candidate in Phase 1 for multiple myeloma, using the lentiviral iGPS platform. Lilly confirmed completion of the Kelonia acquisition in its Q2 2026 results. Early clinical findings remain investigational.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Orna develops circular RNA in vivo cell therapies, including CD19-directed ORN-252 for B-cell-driven autoimmune diseases. Lilly completed the acquisition in 2026; its Q3 filing identifies ORN-252 as Phase 1 at acquisition. ReNAgade was acquired by Orna in 2024 and is not counted separately.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Interius develops targeted lentiviral in vivo CAR therapies. Its clinical lead INT2104 targets CD20 and engineers T and NK cells. Gilead’s annual filing confirms that the acquisition closed in October 2025; Interius is a wholly owned subsidiary.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →BMS completed its acquisition in December 2025, obtaining OTX-201, a preclinical RNA-based in vivo CAR-T program for autoimmune disease. The filing establishes ownership and the disclosed development stage; it does not report human efficacy.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Sail combines eRNA with targeted nanoparticles for in vivo CAR-T in immune-mediated diseases. Its July 2026 Johnson & Johnson collaboration includes an option to acquire Sail, not a completed acquisition. A named clinical CAR-T candidate is not established by this announcement.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →The pipeline identifies STX-005 as a circular mRNA circuit for in vivo CAR-T in autoimmune disease and blood cancers. Clinical findings from the separate IL-12 programs STX-001/003 must not be attributed to STX-005; current CAR-T clinical initiation was not verified.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Azalea develops enveloped delivery vehicles (EDVs) for targeted in vivo T-cell genome engineering. Its disclosed preclinical approach includes precise TRAC-locus CAR insertion. This combines delivery and site-specific integration; human therapeutic benefit has not been established.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Ensoma disclosed mouse proof of concept for in vivo HSC engineering that generates CAR-bearing macrophage, NK, and T-cell lineages. This is an HSC-derived, multi-lineage approach, distinct from directly transducing mature T cells. CAR-T human efficacy is not established.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →NanoCell’s NanoCAR approach uses targeted LNPs to generate CAR-T cells in vivo. Its animal proof-of-concept disclosure describes nonviral DNA delivery; this should not be classified as a transient mRNA-only platform. Clinical efficacy remains unestablished.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Kernal combines T-cell-targeted LNP delivery with selective mRNA translation for in vivo CAR-T. Its ASGCT 2026 announcement concerns preclinical programming studies. An ARPA-H award supports development; it is research funding, not clinical validation or a venture financing round.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →AERA-109 is a targeted-LNP in vivo CAR-T candidate for B-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, supported by mouse and nonhuman-primate studies. The pipeline projects clinical entry in the second half of 2026; a projected date is not proof that dosing has begun.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →EXUMA’s GCAR platform combines CD3-targeted lentiviral delivery with FITNESS DRIVER for in vivo CAR engineering. Its separate rPOC SC platform incubates PBMCs with vector outside the body and should not be described as fully in vivo manufacturing. Current GCAR clinical stage was not verified.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →TPST-4003 combines CD7-targeted mRNA/LNP delivery with a CD19/BCMA CAR; first IIT dosing was projected for Q4 2026, not verified as completed. Tempest separately obtained an option to license Senlang’s clinical lentiviral platform. TPST-2003 clinical results concern ex vivo CAR-T.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Senlang’s CD7-targeted lentiviral in vivo CAR-T portfolio includes a BCMA/GPRC5D candidate in Phase 1 dose escalation for relapsed/refractory myeloma. Partner Tempest disclosed an exclusive option in September 2026; an option is not an exercised license or acquisition.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →CREATE, formerly Myeloid Therapeutics, disclosed preclinical in vivo CAR-T/CAR-NK and all-RNA RetroT work at AACR 2026. Clinical MT-302 is a myeloid-cell program, not evidence that its CAR-T programs have reached the same stage. The former name is retained as an alias.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Vyriad develops targeted viral genetic medicines and oncolytic therapies. Its BCMA-directed in vivo CAR-T candidate VV169 uses a retargeted lentiviral vector to engineer T cells inside the body. On September 10, 2026, the company announced that its Phase 1 study in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma was open for enrollment at Mayo Clinic following FDA IND clearance. Patient dosing and clinical benefit were not established in that announcement.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →CPTx develops single-stranded DNA payloads with nonviral LNP delivery for in vivo CAR-T. The company reports small-animal validation; durability, redosing, and immune-silence statements remain company claims. CPTx is a distinct company from Capstan and the CPTX2309 drug code.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →LB2501 is a CD19/CD20 in vivo CAR-T candidate using the TaVec lentiviral platform, with an ongoing China Phase 1 study (NCT07002112). Its October 2026 U.S. IND clearance supports a planned Phase 1/2 study. Neither IND clearance nor early responses constitute approval.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →IASO reported first-in-human Phase 1 data for BCMA-directed IASO206 in relapsed/refractory myeloma at IMS 2026. It also partners with Umoja on CD22 programs with territorial rights. IASO206 and Umoja’s CD22 UB-VV400 are different programs.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Immorna reports clinical investigation of JCXH-213, an RNA-based in vivo CAR-T candidate, in autoimmune diseases including ITP and systemic sclerosis. These are company-reported early findings, not proof of comparative efficacy; separate vaccine stages do not establish this program’s stage.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →GRIT disclosed T-cell-targeted mRNA/LNP GT801 and a separate lentiviral direction. GT801 is also developed through spinout Vivacta Bio; the two company profiles describe a shared program lineage, not two independent drugs. GRIT’s TIL clinical stages are separate.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Genocury’s September 2025 announcement reports an investigator-initiated study of CD19-directed in vivo CAR-T in B-cell lymphoma. A reported individual response is preliminary and does not establish durability or comparative benefit. Current enrollment and formal regulatory trial status need confirmation.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →HN2301 delivers CD19 CAR mRNA using engineered T-cell-targeted LNPs. MagicRNA reports first-in-human SLE findings published in the New England Journal of Medicine. The older English homepage’s IND-enabling description is not used to override the later human-study disclosure.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Starna’s pipeline includes STR-P004 and STR-P005 in vivo CAR-T programs for autoimmune disease. An ASCO abstract describes CD19 CAR mRNA in CD8-targeted LNPs and exploratory patient dosing for STR-P004. These early findings do not establish efficacy or the stage of STR-P005.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →AlphaNa identifies AFN50 as an mRNA-based in vivo CAR-T program for autoimmune disease currently evaluated in IITs. The disclosed program is classified as investigator-initiated research; unrelated RNA programs and inconsistent codes elsewhere on the website are not used to infer additional CAR-T assets.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Simnova holds Greater China development and commercialization rights for partnered Orna in vivo cell therapies. The January 2025 expansion adds BCMA to the circular RNA partnership. Territorial participation is retained without counting the partnered programs as unrelated inventions; current clinical stage was not verified.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Immunofoco’s iMagic platform uses a fusogen and T-cell-targeting modules for in vivo CAR-T. It identifies CD19 IMV101 in IITs, alongside BCMA IMV102 and CLDN18.2 IMV103. Phase 3 IMC002 is an ex vivo program and does not establish in vivo Phase 3 development.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →EVM18 delivers CD19 CAR mRNA in targeted LNPs. Everest’s 2026 interim results report IIT initiation in autoimmune disease and global IND preparation. EVM14 and EVM16 are cancer vaccines, not its in vivo CAR-T lead.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Oricell explicitly lists OriV508, a CD19/BCMA in vivo CAR-T program, as IIT ongoing, and OriV118 targeting GPRC5D/BCMA. The pipeline does not establish the delivery platform or OriV118’s current stage. Its ex vivo OriCAR-017 data must be kept separate.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Vivacta is a GRIT in vivo CAR-T platform spinout developing CD19 mRNA/tLNP candidate GT801. A first-in-human study is registered as NCT07205315. Its October 2026 U.S. orphan designation for AIHA is not approval or proof of efficacy; GT801 is shared with the GRIT profile.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →AllerGene proposes in vivo-delivered mRNA CAR-T to target mast cells in allergic disease. Its website establishes research intent, but does not establish a named clinical candidate, patient dosing, or validated allergy outcomes. It is distinct from Allogene Therapeutics.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →BR101 is a BCMA/CD19 circular mRNA in vivo CAR-T program in a registered IIT for relapsed/refractory myeloma (NCT07537049). Autoimmune development and BR102/BR103 are separately described as preclinical; their stages should not be inferred from BR101.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →RXIM002 uses targeted LNPs carrying CD19 CAR circular RNA. The August 2026 update reports ongoing China IIT follow-up and FDA IND clearance for autoimmune cytopenias. It also discloses a fatal serious adverse event in a participant with systemic sclerosis; causality should not be inferred.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Alaya is a preclinical in vivo CAR-T developer. Its disclosed polymeric nanoparticle platform encapsulates lentiviral CAR vectors for targeted T-cell transduction; this is a hybrid polymer/viral approach, not simply a nonviral polymer delivery system.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Stylus combines engineered recombinases with cell-targeted LNP delivery to create durable in vivo CAR-T through sequence-specific insertion. Its platform disclosure establishes preclinical research intent and mechanism, not patient benefit or demonstrated clinical safety.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →GenVivo identifies GEN-310 as an in vivo CAR-T/NK program for B-cell malignancies. Its October 2025 corporate presentation classifies GEN-310 as preclinical. Clinical work on separate immunocytokine vectors should not be used to upgrade this CAR program.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Manufacturing partner uBriGene identifies Cellinfinity’s CIB-301 and CIB-350 as in vivo CAR-T programs for hematologic and solid tumors, supported by lentiviral vector manufacturing. The March 2026 announcement does not establish a registered clinical phase or human efficacy.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Jenthera discloses an in vivo autologous CAR-T reprogramming program in B-cell lymphoma using targeted ribonucleoprotein genome editing and homology-directed insertion. Website tumor-eradication statements do not establish human efficacy.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →ModeX, an OPKO company, lists MDX3001 as in vivo CAR-T for cancer and autoimmunity. Its platform conjugates CD3×CD28 antibodies to LNPs carrying CAR mRNA. Human dosing and the program’s precise current stage were not established by the accessible pipeline text.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Aanastra discloses PEP-CAR, an anti-CD19 in vivo CAR-T strategy combining engineered RNA and targeting peptides for cancer and autoimmune disease. The public website does not establish a registered clinical program or validated patient outcomes.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Thesian’s ARIANE platform uses in vivo engineering to generate CAR-T and CAR-macrophages for oncology and autoimmune disease. The company describes lentiviral engineering expertise and a dual-lineage approach. A named clinical-stage candidate and patient efficacy were not verified.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →GigaMune develops diverse viral pseudotypes for repeat-dose in vivo CAR-T delivery and shows anti-CD19 mouse proof of concept. Proposed sequential dosing and immune evasion are platform hypotheses; human redosing safety and efficacy have not been established.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →AAVivo lists CD19 AVO-100, BCMA AVO-101, and dual BCMA/CD19 AVO-102 using T-cell-targeted AAV. The disclosed activities include vector production and construct optimization, not verified clinical dosing. AVO-103 is a TCR program and is kept separate from CAR-T.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →YolTech explicitly lists YOLT-401 for autoimmune disease as an in vivo CAR-T program with an undisclosed target. Its clinical gene-editing programs are separate; their stages and delivery details are not automatically assigned to YOLT-401.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Immugenia discloses lentiviral in vivo CAR delivery to T/NK cells and HSCs, with promoter-restricted expression in T/NK lineages. HSC-derived replenishment differs from direct mature-T-cell engineering. The public disclosure does not establish a current CAR-T clinical phase.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →An October 2026 company announcement describes an in vitro feasibility study combining FLT3 CAR mRNA with Nitto’s cell-targeted LNPs. This is an early in vivo CAR-T development effort, not human in vivo treatment. Clinical HG-CT-1 is a separate ex vivo product.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Nona supplies antibody discovery and CAR screening for Umoja’s in vivo CAR-T collaboration. The November 2025 agreement assigns subsequent product development and commercialization to Umoja. Nona is labeled an enabling partner, not a separately confirmed clinical CAR-T developer.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →uBriGene provides lentiviral process development, GMP manufacturing, and regulatory support for Cellinfinity’s in vivo CAR-T programs. Its manufacturing partnership establishes an enabling role; it does not establish ownership of the therapeutic candidates.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Axelyf identifies AX-004 as its proprietary in vivo CAR-T candidate for solid tumors using AXL LNP delivery. Disclosed support is from mouse and non-human-primate studies; human dosing or clinical efficacy is not inferred.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Founded in 2023 and headquartered in Lexington, Mote was created by Fapon Group and Alex Wesselhoeft. Its mobilize platform enables targeted LNP/circRNA delivery. Its BIO 2026 presentation identifies a preclinical CD19/BCMA in vivo CAR-T lead; a projected November IIT is not proof of dosing.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Mana.bio applies machine learning to LNP design and disclosed a 2026 ASGCT presentation on progress toward in vivo CAR-T. The accessible material supports delivery-platform research; a named therapeutic candidate, clinical initiation, and patient efficacy were not verified.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →The ESO-T01 Phase 1 publication includes a Pregene-affiliated coauthor alongside EsoBiotec. This establishes participation in the published work, not independent ownership of ESO-T01 or a separate verified in vivo CAR-T pipeline. Commercial rights require further confirmation.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Velvet discloses amino-acid nanoparticles and minicircle DNA for in vivo CAR delivery to multiple immune-cell types. The accessible primary page does not specify a T-cell program or clinical stage; it is retained as an adjacent CAR platform rather than counted as a confirmed CAR-T developer.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Singular’s iCAR is a recombinant fusion-protein approach to modifying T or NK cells in vivo. It is kept separate from gene-encoded CAR-T because protein-based receptor installation has a different mechanism. The website does not establish human efficacy.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →ImmunoVec develops programmable DNA with cell-type-specific transcriptional control; the accessible primary disclosure highlights NK cells. It is tracked as adjacent in vivo immune engineering, without assuming that CAR-NK results establish a CAR-T program or clinical stage.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Liberate’s RAPTOR delivery platform supports initial in vivo CAR-macrophage programs through monocyte/macrophage reprogramming. CAR-M is a neighboring modality, not CAR-T; these programs are not included in the confirmed CAR-T developer count.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →ImmTune discloses delivery vectors for in-body cell and gene therapy. Its accessible updates are old and do not establish a current named CAR-T program or clinical status. It remains a platform watchlist entry, outside the confirmed CAR-T developer count.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Sanofi acquired Tidal in April 2021 for its nanoparticle mRNA platform for in vivo immune-cell reprogramming, including CAR-T applications. This is a historical acquired-platform record; the original preclinical description is not a verified current program stage or an independent active biotech.
Sources checked: 2026-11-04
Profile & sources →Original online dates are retained. Guides use accessible articles or abstracts and do not replace reading the paper.
The authors report a polymer–lipid carrier that combines mRNA delivery with T-cell activation without an antibody targeting ligand. The study links the carrier to metabolic signaling and evaluates CAR expression and activity in preclinical cancer and fibrosis models. These findings do not establish safety or benefit in patients.
Qiannan Cao; Yingli Yao; Wenming Zheng; Hongqian Liu; Mingxia Jiang; Dayang Xie; Siting Zhang; Pijun Su; Huilin Yuan; Xiaoyuan Chen; Huapan Fang; Huayu Tian
DOI: 10.1038/s41563-026-02675-7
Manually selected historical and recent original announcements, not presented as today’s news. Source dates, including historical dates, are retained.
AbbVie announced completion of its Capstan acquisition on August 19, 2025, adding a targeted LNP platform for RNA delivery and in vivo cell engineering. This historical ownership event explains the company relationship. Candidate-stage descriptions in that release should be read at their original date, not as a current trial update.
Original announcement ↗